彩虹女神跃长空,Go语言进阶之Go语言高性能Web框架Iris项目实战-JWT和中间件(Middleware)的使用EP07

by Liu Yue/2022-08-30

    前文再续,上一回我们完成了用户的登录逻辑,将之前用户管理模块中添加的用户账号进行账号和密码的校验,过程中使用图形验证码强制进行人机交互,防止账号的密码被暴力破解。本回我们需要为登录成功的用户生成Token,并且通过Iris的中间件(Middleware)进行鉴权操作。

    Iris模板复用

    在生成Token之前,首先我们需要对项目的模板进行优化改造,目前存在的页面模板有三块,分别是:首页模板(index.html)、登录页模板(signin.html)、后台用户管理页模板(/admin/user.html),虽然页面并不多,但不难发现,有很多重复的代码,比方说,首页模板和登录页模板都有公共的头部导航菜单,没必要每个模板都写一遍相同的代码,再比如,三块模板都会有axios的封装逻辑,也没必要三块模板封装三次,除此之外,以后模板多了,不做复用,就会出现维护困难的问题。

    首先提取页面模板的公共部分,比如头部导航,在views目录建立header.html:

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<div class="search navbar-right" >
<form action="/Index_search" method ="GET" class="search_form" >
<input type="search" name="text" class="search_input" placeholder="Search" required="required" >
</form>
</div>


</div>

</div>
</nav>

    随后,在需要头部导航的模板进行引入操作,比如修改signin.html:

${ render "header.html" }

    注意,使用${}是为了避免和前端的Vue.js标签冲突。

    同样地,将封装axios.js逻辑单独抽取出来myaxios.html:

<script>

const myaxios = function (url, type, data = {}) {

return new

Promise((resolve) => {

if (type === "get" || type === "delete") {


axios({

method: type,
url: url,
params: data
}).then((result) => {

resolve(result.data);

});


} else {

const params = new URLSearchParams();
for (var key in data) {
params.append(key,data[key]);
}
axios({

method: type,
url: url,
data:params
}).then((result) => {

resolve(result.data);

});

}

});

}

</script>

    然后在需要的地方进行引入操作:

${ render "myaxios.html" }

    如此,我们只需要维护模板的公共部分即可。

    修改后,项目的结构如下:

.
├── README.md
├── assets
│   ├── css
│   │   └── style.css
│   └── js
│   ├── axios.js
│   └── vue.js
├── database
│   └── database.go
├── favicon.ico
├── go.mod
├── go.sum
├── handler
│   ├── admin.go
│   └── user.go
├── main.go
├── model
│   └── model.go
├── mytool
│   └── mytool.go
├── tmp
│   └── runner-build
└── views
├── admin
│   └── user.html
├── admin_header.html
├── header.html
├── index.html
├── myaxios.html
├── signin.html
└── test.html

    JWT生成逻辑

    JSON Web Token (JWT)是一个互联网应用的开放标准(RFC 7519),它定义了一种紧凑的、自包含的方式,用于作为JSON对象在各方之间安全地传输信息,这种信息可以被验证和信任,因为它是数字签名的。

    说白了,登录成功以后,生成一个 JSON 对象,返回给前端,就像下面这样:

{
"uid":1
}

    这之后,用户与服务端通信的时候,所有请求都要带着这个JSON 对象。服务器完全只靠这个对象认定用户身份。为了防止JSON对象被篡改,服务器在生成这个对象的时候,会加上签名,变成这种模样:

eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJVaWQiOjEsImlhdCI6MTY2MTg0MjYxMCwiZXhwIjoxNjYxODQ1NjEwfQ.BXK9awvVCk7L3JAnDGt9z6U9TOjPCpI0AcHRu1eq_mo

    这玩意就是普遍意义上的Token,俗称“令牌”。

    在我们的项目中,需要为登录校验通过的账号生成Token,首先安装jwt包:

go get -u github.com/kataras/iris/v12/middleware/jwt

    随后修改本地的工具包mytool.jwt:

package mytool

import (
"crypto/md5"
"fmt"
"io"
"time"

"github.com/dchest/captcha"
"github.com/kataras/iris/v12"
"github.com/kataras/iris/v12/middleware/jwt"
)


var SigKey = []byte("signature_hmac_secret_shared_key")

type PlayLoad struct {
Uid uint
}

func GenerateToken(uid uint) string {

signer := jwt.NewSigner(jwt.HS256, SigKey, 50*time.Minute)
claims := PlayLoad{Uid: uid}

token, err := signer.Sign(claims)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)

}

s := string(token)

return s

}

    众所周知,Token由三部分组成:头部、载荷以及秘钥。这里SigKey字符为签名秘钥,PlayLoad结构体为载荷信息,这里通过签名生成一个字符格式的token,注意返回前端时,需要强转为字符串。

    需要注意的是,生成签名时使用的是HS256算法,同时为了确保安全性,token设置生命周期,这里为50分钟。

    随后修改用户登录逻辑,将生成好的token返回给前端:

//登录动作
func Signin(ctx iris.Context) {

ret := make(map[string]interface{}, 0)

cid := ctx.PostValue("cid")
code := ctx.PostValue("code")

if captcha.VerifyString(cid, code) == false {

ret["errcode"] = 2
ret["msg"] = "登录失败,验证码错误"
ctx.JSON(ret)
return

}

db := database.Db()
defer func() {
_ = db.Close()
}()

Username := ctx.PostValue("username")
Password := ctx.PostValue("password")

user := &model.User{}

db.Where(&model.User{Username: Username, Password: mytool.Make_password((Password))}).First(&user)

if user.ID == 0 {

ret["errcode"] = 1
ret["msg"] = "登录失败,账号或者密码错误"
ctx.JSON(ret)
return

}

token := mytool.GenerateToken(user.ID)

fmt.Println(token)

ret["errcode"] = 0
ret["msg"] = "登录成功"
ret["username"] = user.Username
ret["token"] = token
ctx.JSON(ret)

}

    前端接收的返回值为:

{
"errcode": 0,
"msg": "登录成功",
"token": "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJVaWQiOjEsImlhdCI6MTY2MTg0MzI5MSwiZXhwIjoxNjYxODQ2MjkxfQ.547z3nv4qj2-UeHTzfeG_qSsnFZD2DFyCP9gNZ-QiHA",
"username": "123"
}

    随后前端收到token后,将其存储localstorage,然后跳转到后台页面:

//登录请求
signin:function(){


this.myaxios("http://localhost:5000/signin/","post",{"username":this.username,"password":this.password,"cid":this.cid,"code":this.code}).then(data => {
console.log(data)
alert(data.msg);

localStorage.setItem("token",data.token);

window.location.href = "/admin/user/"

});

}

    localStorage存储是永久的,如果对安全性要求较高,可以采用sessionStorage,token生命周期就会跟随浏览器进程,但之前设置的token生命周期就没意义了,各有利弊,各自权衡。

    中间件(Middleware)鉴权

    所谓中间件,是一类提供系统软件和应用软件之间连接、便于软件各部件之间的沟通的软件,应用软件可以借助中间件在不同的技术架构之间共享信息与资源。

    说白了,就是在所有需要鉴权的接口前面加一层逻辑,便于批量管理和控制:

verifier := jwt.NewVerifier(jwt.HS256, mytool.SigKey)


verifyMiddleware := verifier.Verify(func() interface{} {

return new(mytool.PlayLoad)
})

    这里声明中间件变量verifyMiddleware,该变量会返回一个载荷结构体对象。

    随后,为所有的后台接口、包括后台模板添加中间件:

adminhandler := app.Party("/admin")


adminhandler.Use(verifyMiddleware)

adminhandler.Get("/userlist/", handler.Admin_userlist)
adminhandler.Delete("/user_action/", handler.Admin_userdel)
adminhandler.Put("/user_action/", handler.Admin_userupdate)
adminhandler.Post("/user_action/", handler.Admin_useradd)
adminhandler.Get("/user/", handler.Admin_user_page)

    如此,所有后台操作都需要中间件的鉴权操作。

    换句话说,如果请求地址中没有token或者token不合法,就不会返回正常数据。

    访问:http://localhost:5000/admin/user 如图所示:

    如果带着token:

    当然了,之后所有的后台请求都需要携带token,所以改造上面封装的myaxios.html:

<script>

var mytoken = localStorage.getItem("token");


const myaxios = function (url, type, data = {}) {

return new

Promise((resolve) => {

if (type === "get" || type === "delete") {


axios({

method: type,
url: url+"?token="+mytoken,
params: data
}).then((result) => {

resolve(result.data);

});


} else {

const params = new URLSearchParams();
for (var key in data) {
params.append(key,data[key]);
}
axios({

method: type,
url: url+"?token="+mytoken,
data:params
}).then((result) => {

resolve(result.data);

});

}

});

}

</script>

    藉此,每个后端请求都会携带token。

    结语

    JWT形式的认证体系将用户状态分散到了客户端中,相比于服务端的session存储,可以明显减轻服务端的内存压力,此外,使用Iris中间件鉴权的方式有助于提高代码的重用性,也更便于维护,更加优雅。该项目已开源在Github:https://github.com/zcxey2911/IrisBlog ,与君共觞,和君共勉。